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An inner join, also known as a simple join, returns all rows that satisfy the join condition. The traditional Oracle inner join syntax used the WHERE clause to specify how the tables were to be joined. Here s an example: SQL> SELECT e.flast_name, d.dept FROM emp e, dept d WHERE e.emp_id = d.emp_id; The newer Oracle inner joins (or simply joins) specify join criteria with the new ON or USING clause. Here s a simple example: SQL> SELECT DISTINCT NVL(dname, 'No Dept'), COUNT(empno) nbr_emps FROM emp JOIN DEPT ON emp.deptno = dept.deptno WHERE emp.job IN ('MANAGER', 'SALESMAN', 'ANALYST') GROUP BY dname;

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The ME variable is assigned the name with which the script was invoked. If you named this script vi so that it would replace the vi binary, ME would be set to vi. We assign the ME variable its value by using basename to remove any leading path used to call the script. Later in this chapter we will come back to this variable and the way it is used. For now, note that when installing the script on your system, you will also need to create a soft link in a directory in your PATH variable; that soft link should be called vir and point to the script. When a script is run, environment variables are set that don t directly relate to the script itself since they are part of the shell executing the script and its environment. One example is the variable $@, which is set to the values of all the positional parameters (starting from 1) that were passed to the script. (As you have seen, positional parameter 0 is assigned the name of the script.)

An outer join returns all rows that satisfy the join condition, plus some or all of the rows from the table that doesn t have matching rows that meet the join condition. There are three types of outer joins: left outer join, right outer join, and full outer join. Usually, the word outer is omitted from the full outer join statement. Oracle provides the outer join operator, wherein you use a plus sign (+) to indicate missing values in one table, but it recommends the use of the newer ISO/ANSI join syntax. Here s a typical query using the full outer join: SQL> SELECT DISTINCT NVL(dept_name, 'No Dept') deptname, COUNT(empno) nbr_emps FROM emp FULL JOIN dept ON dept.deptno = emp.deptno GROUP BY dname;

Oracle provides the GROUP BY clause so you can group the results of a query according to various criteria. The GROUP BY clause enables you to consider a column value for all the rows in the table fulfilling the SELECT condition. A GROUP BY clause commonly uses aggregate functions to summarize each group defined by the GROUP BY clause. The data is sorted on the GROUP BY columns, and the aggregates are calculated. Here s an example: SQL> SELECT department_id, MAX(salary) 2 FROM employees 3* GROUP BY department_id; DEPARTMENT_ID MAX(SALARY) ----------------------10 4400 20 13000 30 11000 40 6500 50 8200 5 rows selected. SQL> Oracle also allows you to nest group functions. The following query gets you the minimum average budget for all departments (the AVG function is nested inside the MIN function here): SQL> SELECT MIN(AVG(budget)) FROM dept_budgets GROUP BY dept_no;